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Understanding Metformin: Mechanism of Action, Clinical Uses, and Safety Profile

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Understanding Metformin: Mechanism of Action, Clinical Uses, and Safety Profile Infographic Overview Metformin is one of the most widely prescribed oral antidiabetic drugs globally. Known for its efficacy and safety, it plays a central role in managing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. In this post, we’ll explore its pharmacological mechanism, clinical applications, and safety considerations. 1. Mechanism of Action Metformin primarily acts by reducing hepatic glucose production (gluconeogenesis). It enhances insulin sensitivity and increases peripheral glucose uptake. Unlike sulfonylureas, it does not stimulate insulin secretion, which reduces the risk of hypoglycemia. Activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) Decreases intestinal absorption of glucose Improves insulin receptor activity 2. Clinical Uses Metformin is the first-line therapy for: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Insulin resistance in obese patients It is often used in combination with other antidiabet...
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Potential Adverse Effects of Long-Term Steroid Use

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Potential Adverse Effects of Long-Term Steroid Use

Corticosteroids, commonly referred to as steroids, offer potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects, making them valuable medications for various medical conditions. However, long-term use of steroids can be associated with a spectrum of adverse effects, necessitating careful consideration by healthcare professionals and patients alike. Here's a closer look at some of the potential consequences of chronic steroid therapy:

  • Metabolic Effects: Steroids can stimulate appetite and promote fat redistribution, leading to weight gain and a characteristic Cushingoid appearance with central obesity, facial rounding, and thinning of the extremities.

  • Central Nervous System (CNS) Effects: Mood swings, irritability, anxiety, and even frank psychosis can occur with prolonged steroid use. Healthcare professionals should monitor patients for potential behavioral changes.

  • Immunosuppression: Steroids suppress the immune system, increasing susceptibility to infections, including bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. This necessitates vigilance for signs and symptoms of infection during steroid therapy.

  • Musculoskeletal Issues: Long-term steroid use can lead to muscle weakness, atrophy, and an increased risk of tendon ruptures. Bone mineral density can also be negatively affected, raising the risk of osteoporosis and fractures.

  • Integumentary Effects: Acne breakouts, thinning of the skin, and impaired wound healing are potential consequences of chronic steroid therapy. Patients should be advised to practice meticulous skin care during steroid treatment.

  • Ocular Complications: An increased risk of cataracts and glaucoma is associated with long-term steroid use. Regular ophthalmic examinations are recommended for patients on chronic steroid therapy.

  • Endocrine Dysfunction: Steroids can disrupt the normal hormonal balance in the body. In men, this may manifest as decreased testosterone production and gynecomastia (breast enlargement). In women, menstrual irregularities and virilization (development of male characteristics) can occur.

  • Growth Suppression: Chronic steroid use in children and adolescents can impede linear growth and development. Careful monitoring of growth parameters is essential in young patients receiving steroid therapy.

It is crucial to emphasize that this list is not exhaustive, and the Potential Adverse Effects of Long-Term Steroid Use can vary depending on several factors, including the type, dose, and duration of steroid therapy. Open communication and close monitoring by a healthcare professional are paramount to ensure the benefits of steroid therapy outweigh the potential risks.

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